Analysis of auditory evoked fields in sensor and source space

Introduction

In this tutorial we will analyze auditory evoked fields in the context of a widely studied sensory gating paradigm. First we will analyze the data on sensor level in both time and time-frequency domain. On the basis of this analysis we will define relevant latencies and/or time-frequency tiles that will be subsequently analyzed in source space using beamforming techniques. Finally we will try to identify relevant “nodes” based on statistical contrasts in source space and perform some connectivity metric on these task relevant nodes.

Background

The data in this tutorial has been acquired with 148 sensor magnetometer system 4D/Neuroimaging. The experimental paradigm is illustrated in the figure below. An auditory stimulus of 3ms duration is presented twice with an inter-stimulus interval of 500 ms. The first presentation is typically labeled as ‘S1’ and the second ‘S2’, yet the stimuli are identical. This paired-click trial is presented 100 times with an inter-trial interval of 8 seconds. The sensory gating phenomenon refers to a decrease in neuronal activity after S2 and is typically quantified as a ratio (S2/S1) of the early M50 (30-90ms post stimulus) component of the event-related field.

Procedure

Loading the data

In the following section we will read and epoch the data. Subsequently we will apply some processing steps, e.g., rejecting bad trials by visual inspection and decomposing the data by means of independent component analysis. The late step will allow us to disregard data components likely reflective for cardiac and ocular activity.

The following steps had been performed:

• Defining triggers around which the data will be segmented using ft_definetrial. The data is segmented to include 2 seconds prior to S1 onset (i.e. baseline) and 1.57 second post S1 onset (i.e. event-related interval including S1 and S2).
• Calling ft_preprocessing without applying any preprocessing steps yet.

To run the following section of code you need the original dataset and trial function: c,rfhp0.1Hz, config, and ft_trialfun_sensorygating.m

clear all
close all

cfg = [];
cfg.dataset = 'c,rfhp0.1Hz';
cfg.trialfun = 'ft_trialfun_sensorygating';
cfg.trialdef.prestim = 2; %sec
cfg.trialdef.poststim = 2; %sec
cfg.channel = {'MEG' '-A28' '-A148' };
cfg = ft_definetrial(cfg);
data = ft_preprocessing(cfg);

The epoched data can be downloaded here.

Load the data using the following command:

load dataclean

First we will visual inspection of the data in order to reject trials contaminated by movements and/or other artifacts such as SQUID jumps. We will use ft_rejectvisual where we want a summary of the activity over trials and sensors, i.e. cfg.method = ‘summary’;. It is recommended to explore the topography and time course of data that will be classified as artificial. The configuration option cfg.layout = ‘4D148.lay’; allows us to do so.

cfg = [];
cfg.fontsize = 12;
cfg.method = 'summary';
cfg.layout = '4D148.lay';
dataclean = ft_rejectvisual(cfg, data);
save dataclean dataclean

Next, we perform the independent component analysis according to the following step

• Resampling the data to a lower sample rate in order to speed up ICA computation ft_resampledata.
• Perform the independent components analysis on the resampled data ft_componentanalysis
• Repeat the independent components analysis on the original data by applying the linear demixing and topography labels form the previous step

Note, that we will compute the ICA twice in order to retain the original sampling rate. The option cfg.resamplefs depends on your knowledge about the spectral characteristics of the artifacts you would like to discover. Vertical and horizontal eye movements are typically dominated by high energy in the low frequency < 10 Hz. Therefore everything above the Nyquist frequency of the targeted signal, in this case 20 Hz, is an appropriate sampling rate. Cardiac artifacts vary over the entire frequency spectrum, although there is some dominance in the slower frequencies too. The decision about the new sampling frequency thus strongly depends on your needs. If you are interested in the detection of caridac and oculo-motor activity, a sampling rate of >100 Hz will be appropriate for most of the cases.

cfg = [];
cfg.resamplefs = 140;
cfg.detrend    = 'no';
datads = ft_resampledata(cfg, dataclean);
% perform the independent component analysis (i.e., decompose the data)
cfg        = [];
cfg.method = 'runica';
cfg.runica.maxsteps =50;
comp = ft_componentanalysis(cfg, datads);
cfg           = [];
cfg.unmixing  = comp.unmixing;
cfg.topolabel = comp.topolabel;
comp = ft_componentanalysis(cfg, data);

Now we could explore the decomposed data by using ft_databrowser

cfg = [];
cfg.channel = {comp.label{1:5}}; % components to be plotted
cfg.layout = '4D148.lay'; % specify the layout file that should be used for plotting
cfg.compscale = 'local';
ft_databrowser(cfg, comp);

Take your time to browse and evaluate the topographies and the corresponding time courses. We will reject several of these with ft_rejectcomponent

cfg = [];
cfg.component = [3 6 7 16];
dataica = ft_rejectcomponent(cfg, comp);

The ica corrected data can be downloaded here.

Computing and plotting of the auditory evoked fields

Now we can average over trials using ft_timelockanalysis and plot the evoked activity using the plotting functions ft_multiplotER,ft_singleplotER and ft_topoplotER.

cfg=[]
tlk=ft_timelockanalysis(cfg,dataica);

cfg=[];
cfg.layout = '4D148.lay';
figure;
ft_multiplotER(cfg,tlk);

cfg=[];
cfg.channel = {'A77'};
cfg.xlim    = [-.2 1];
figure;
subplot(2,2,1);ft_singleplotER(cfg,tlk);
cfg =[];
cfg.layout = '4D148.lay';
cfg.xlim = [0.114416 0.136568];
cfg.zlim = [-2e-13 2e-13];
subplot(2,2,2); ft_topoplotER(cfg,tlk);
title('S1')
cfg.xlim = cfg.xlim+0.5;
subplot(2,2,4); ft_topoplotER(cfg,tlk);
title('S2')

Computing and plotting time-frequency power representations

Now we will compute the time-frequency representation of the event-related fields by considering each trial individually and subsequently averaging over trials. It is recommended that you make yourself familiar with the different strategies in frequency and time-frequency analysis here.

cfg              = [];
cfg.output       = 'pow';
cfg.method       = 'mtmconvol';
cfg.taper        = 'hanning';
cfg.foi          = 2:2:30;
cfg.t_ftimwin    = ones(length(cfg.foi),1).*0.5;
cfg.toi          = -1.5:.05:1;
cfg.keeptrials ='no';
tfr= ft_freqanalysis(cfg,  dataica);
% baseline correction
cfg=[];
cfg.baseline=[-1.75 -.25];
cfg.baselinetype='db';
tfrbl = ft_freqbaseline(cfg, tfr);

Subsequently we plot and evaluate the result.

cfg=[];
cfg.channel = {'A77'};
cfg.xlim    = [-.2 1];
figure;
subplot(2,2,1);ft_singleplotTFR(cfg,tfrbl);
cfg =[];
cfg.layout = '4D148.lay';
cfg.xlim = [0.06 0.3];
cfg.ylim = [5 8];
cfg.zlim = [-2 2]
subplot(2,2,2); ft_topoplotTFR(cfg,tfrbl);
title('S1')
cfg.xlim = cfg.xlim+0.5;
subplot(2,2,4); ft_topoplotTFR(cfg,tfrbl);
title('S2')

Sometimes one might be interested in power modulations significantly different from pre stimulus baseline. In the following section we will illustrate how to achieve this.

Within subject statistics on time-frequency representations

We will apply the following steps. First the data is segmented into pre and post stimulus intervals of equal length using ft_redefinetrial. Thereafter time-frequency representation of power is computed on these intervals separately by keeping the individual trials in the output structure.

test

%%
cfg=[];
cfg.toilim = [-2 -.5];
datapre = ft_redefinetrial(cfg,dataica);
cfg.toilim = [-.5 1];
datapst = ft_redefinetrial(cfg,dataica);
%%
cfg              = [];
cfg.output       = 'pow';
cfg.method       = 'mtmconvol';
cfg.taper        = 'hanning';
cfg.foi          = 0:2:30;
cfg.t_ftimwin    = ones(length(cfg.foi),1).*0.5;
cfg.toi          = -2:.05:-.5;
cfg.keeptrials ='yes';
tfrpre= ft_freqanalysis(cfg,  datapre);
cfg.foi          = 0:2:30;
cfg.toi          = -.5:.05:1;
tfrpst= ft_freqanalysis(cfg,  datapst);

Since the data is of equal length we equalize the time axis of pre and post stimulus segments as well as assuring that both frequency dimensions are also the same.

tfrpre.time = tfrpst.time
tfrpre.freq = round(tfrpre.freq);
tfrpst.freq = round(tfrpst.freq);

Now we compute the statistical evaluation using permutation approach. All of the details are explained elsewhere.

cfg = [];
cfg.channel          = {'MEG'};
cfg.latency          = [0 1];
cfg.method           = 'montecarlo';
cfg.statistic        = 'ft_statfun_actvsblT';
cfg.correctm         = 'cluster';
cfg.clusteralpha     = 0.05;
cfg.clusterstatistic = 'maxsum';
cfg.minnbchan        = 2;
cfg.tail             = 0;
cfg.clustertail      = 0;
cfg.alpha            = 0.025;
cfg.numrandomization = 500;
% prepare_neighbours determines what sensors may form clusters
cfg_neighb.method    = 'distance';
cfg.neighbours       = ft_prepare_neighbours(cfg_neighb, tfrpre);

ntrials = size(tfrpst.powspctrm,1);
design  = zeros(2,2*ntrials);
design(1,1:ntrials) = 1;
design(1,ntrials+1:2*ntrials) = 2;
design(2,1:ntrials) = [1:ntrials];
design(2,ntrials+1:2*ntrials) = [1:ntrials];

cfg.design   = design;
cfg.ivar     = 1;
cfg.uvar     = 2;

cfg.design           = design;
cfg.ivar             = 1;

[stat] = ft_freqstatistics(cfg, tfrpst, tfrpre);
save stat stat

Now we can plot the result in a similar way as illustrated above. The difference now is that the functional data is expressed in units of t-values. In addition we use now a mask to illustrate the time-frequency tile on the basis of which we reject the H0- the data from pre and post stimulus interval is exchangeable.

cfg=[];
cfg.channel = {'A77'};
cfg.parameter = 'stat';
cfg.maskparameter = 'mask';
cfg.maskstyle     = 'outline';
cfg.zlim = [-5 5]
cfg.xlim    = [0 .7];
figure;
subplot(2,2,1);ft_singleplotTFR(cfg,stat);
cfg =[];
cfg.layout = '4D148.lay';
cfg.parameter = 'stat';
cfg.xlim = [0.06 0.3];
cfg.ylim = [5 8];
cfg.zlim = [-5 5]
subplot(2,2,2); ft_topoplotTFR(cfg,stat);
title('S1')
cfg.xlim = cfg.xlim+0.5;
subplot(2,2,4); ft_topoplotTFR(cfg,stat);
title('S2')

Localizing auditory evoked fields using beamforming techniques in parceled brain space

In this section we would demonstrate how to derive the time series of neuronal activity at a particular brain location. We will apply a beamforming technique.

Furthermore the details around how to compute the ingredients needed herein (e.g., headmodel, leadfield) are not further explained here. All of the necessary steps in head modeling are explained here, and source modeling here.

We will start with loading a precomputed headmodel here. We will first construct a regular dipole grid using ft_prepare_sourcemodel. Subsequently we want to determine the grid locations corresponding to particular brain areas (parcels). For this step we will read an anatomical atlas using ft_read_atlas and generate a binary mask with entries of ones indicating grid points corresponding to brain parcels using ft_volumelookup. Finally, on the basis of the individual anatomy we will construct a source model that is inverse-warped to this atlas-based source model in mni space.

Create template grid based on the standard head model

load('~/fieldtrip/template/headmodel/standard_singleshell');

cfg = [];
cfg.xgrid  = -20:1:20;
cfg.ygrid  = -20:1:20;
cfg.zgrid  = -20:1:20;
cfg.unit   = 'cm';
cfg.tight  = 'yes';
cfg.inwardshift = -1.5;
cfg.headmodel        = vol;
template_grid  = ft_prepare_sourcemodel(cfg);

figure;
ft_plot_mesh(template_grid.pos(template_grid.inside,:));
hold on
ft_plot_headmodel(vol,  'facecolor', 'cortex', 'edgecolor', 'none');alpha 0.5; camlight;

Load atlas and create a binary mask

atlas = ft_read_atlas('~/fieldtrip/template/atlas/aal/ROI_MNI_V4.nii');

atlas = ft_convert_units(atlas,'cm'); % assure that atlas and template_grid are expressed in the %same units

cfg = []
cfg.atlas = atlas;
cfg.roi = atlas.tissuelabel;
cfg.inputcoord = 'mni';
mask = ft_volumelookup(cfg,template_grid);

% create temporary mask according to the atlas entries
tmp                  = repmat(template_grid.inside,1,1);
tmp(tmp==1)          = 0;
tmp(mask)            = 1;

% define inside locations according to the atlas based mask
template_grid.inside = tmp;

% plot the atlas based grid
figure; ft_plot_mesh(template_grid.pos(template_grid.inside,:));

Inverse-warp the subject specific grid to the atlas based template grid

For this step the individual volume is required, which can be downloaded here.

cfg                = [];
cfg.warpmni   = 'yes';
cfg.template  = template_grid;
cfg.nonlinear = 'yes';
cfg.mri            = mri;
sourcemodel        = ft_prepare_sourcemodel(cfg);

Plot the final source model together with the individual head model and the sensor array

close all
% the 4D/bti system is expressed in units of 'm', therefore we force all geometrical objects to have the same unit
hdm = ft_convert_units(hdm, 'm');
sourcemodel = ft_convert_units(sourcemodel, 'm');

figure; hold on     % plot all objects in one figure

ft_plot_headmodel(hdm,  'facecolor', 'cortex', 'edgecolor', 'none');alpha 0.5; %camlight;
alpha 0.4           % make the surface transparent

ft_plot_mesh(sourcemodel.pos(sourcemodel.inside,:)); % plot only locations inside the volume

ft_plot_sens(dataica.grad,'style','*r'); % plot the sensor array
view ([0 -90 0])

Compute the leadfield

We first create the leadfield using **reference: ft_prepare_leadfield using the individual head model from the previous step, the sensor array and the sourcemodel.

cfg                 = [];
cfg.channel         = dataica.label; % ensure that rejected sensors are not present
cfg.grad            = dataica.grad;
cfg.headmodel       = hdm;
cfg.lcmv.reducerank = 2; % default for MEG is 2, for EEG is 3
cfg.grid = sourcemodel;
[grid] = ft_prepare_leadfield(cfg);

We want to reconstruct the locations of the M100 component. In the present case this component is maximal around 50 to 180ms post stimulus onset. Therefore we segment the data around this interval using **reference: ft_redefinetrial. Furthermore we would contrast the source solution against a prestimulus baseline of equal length.

cfg = [];
cfg.toilim = [-.18 -.05];
datapre = ft_redefinetrial(cfg, dataica);
cfg.toilim = [.05 .18];
datapost = ft_redefinetrial(cfg, dataica);

Compute data covariance

The spatial filters are computed on the basis of the covariance matrix obtained from the data. In the following step we compute this matrix for an interval accounting for the pre and post stimulus intervals of interest. For this we make a call to [reference: ft_timelockanalysis](/reference/ ft_timelockanalysis) with the ** cfg.covariance = ‘yes’;** and ** cfg.covariancewindow = [xx yy];**. These configuration will ensure the covariance matrix to be present in the output structure.

cfg = [];
cfg.covariance='yes';
cfg.covariancewindow = [-.3 .3];
avg = ft_timelockanalysis(cfg,dataica);

cfg = [];
cfg.covariance='yes';
avgpre = ft_timelockanalysis(cfg,datapre);
avgpst = ft_timelockanalysis(cfg,datapost);

Now we make a first call to ** reference: ft_sourceanalysis in order to compute the spatial filters on the basis of the entire data and keep them in the output for a later use.

cfg=[];
cfg.method='lcmv';
cfg.grid=grid;
cfg.headmodel=hdm;
cfg.lcmv.keepfilter='yes';
cfg.channel = dataica.label;
sourceavg=ft_sourceanalysis(cfg, avg);

Perform sourcanalysis

Subsequently we reconstruct the activity in the pre and post stimulus intervals using the precomputed filters.

cfg=[];
cfg.method='lcmv';
cfg.grid=grid;
cfg.sourcemodel.filter=sourceavg.avg.filter;
cfg.headmodel=hdm;
sourcepreS1=ft_sourceanalysis(cfg, avgpre);
sourcepstS1=ft_sourceanalysis(cfg, avgpst);

Now we can subtract the two conditions, normalize by the power in the pre stimulus interval and multiply by 100. Thereby the data is expressed in percentage change from pre stimulus baseline.

cfg = [];
cfg.parameter = 'avg.pow';
cfg.operation = '((x1-x2)./x2)*100';
S1bl=ft_math(cfg,sourcepstS1,sourcepreS1);

The result is then interpolated on the template mri after the individual dipole locations are set back to be equal with the template_grid locations. This is done with **reference: ft_sourceinterpolate.

if isunix
  templatefile = '~fieldtrip/template/anatomy/single_subj_T1.nii';
elseif ispc
  templatefile = 'H:\~\fieldtrip\template\anatomy\single_subj_T1.nii';
end
template_mri = ft_read_mri(templatefile);
S1bl.pos=template_grid.pos;
cfg              = [];
cfg.voxelcoord   = 'no';
cfg.parameter    = 'pow';
cfg.interpmethod = 'nearest';
source_int  = ft_sourceinterpolate(cfg, S1bl, template_mri);

Finally, we can plot the result using **reference: ft_sourceplot.

cfg               = [];
cfg.method        = 'ortho';
cfg.funparameter  = 'pow';
cfg.location = [64 -32 8];
cfg.funcolormap = 'jet';
ft_sourceplot(cfg,source_int);

Plot the result in parceled brain space

It is now possible to integrate the result over the brain parcels using the brain atlas and [reference: ft_sourceparcellate](/reference/ ft_sourceparcellate). First, we load the template mri corresponding to the brain atlas located in the spm8/templates directory and interpolate the result on this template once more. Subsequently we call **reference: ft_sourceparcellate with this sourceinterpolated structure and the brain atlas.

templatefile = '~fieldtrip/external/spm8/templates/T1.nii';
template_mri = ft_read_mri(templatefile);
cfg              = [];
cfg.voxelcoord   = 'no';
cfg.parameter    = 'pow';
cfg.interpmethod = 'nearest';
source_int  = ft_sourceinterpolate(cfg, S1bl, template_mri);
%%
cfg=[];
parcel = ft_sourceparcellate(cfg, source_int, atlas);

parcel =

            label: {1x116 cell}  % brain parcels labels
          anatomy: [116x1 double]
    anatomydimord: 'chan_unknown'
              pow: [116x1 double]% one value of brain activity per parcel
        powdimord: 'chan'
    brainordinate: [1x1 struct]
              cfg: [1x1 struct]

We create a dummy structure where we identify the power values per voxel and use this for subsequent plotting.

dummy=atlas;
for i=1:length(parcel.pow)
      dummy.tissue(find(dummy.tissue==i))=parcel.pow(i);
end
%%
source_int.parcel=dummy.tissue;
source_int.coordsys = 'mni';
cfg=[];
cfg.method = 'ortho';
cfg.funparameter = 'parcel';
cfg.funcolormap    = 'jet';
cfg.renderer = 'zbuffer';
cfg.location = [-42 -20 6];
cfg.atlas = atlas;
cfg.funcolorlim = [-30 30];
ft_sourceplot(cfg,source_int);

Alternatively, the maximal activity in the left Heschl gyrus can be plotted on the brain surface as follows.

cfg = [];
cfg.method         = 'surface';
cfg.funparameter   = 'parcel';
cfg.funcolorlim    = [-30 30];
cfg.funcolormap    = 'jet';
cfg.projmethod     = 'nearest';
cfg.surfinflated   = 'surface_inflated_both_caret.mat';
cfg.projthresh     = 0.8;
cfg.camlight       = 'no';
ft_sourceplot(cfg, source_int);
view ([-70 20 50])
light ('Position',[-70 20 50])
material dull

Apply statistical threshold for plotting the result on source level

In the previous section we used an arbitrary threshold (80% of maximum) to illustrate the “hill” of the activity. However, in some situations one might be interested in the spatial activation pattern that is statistically different from pre stimulus baseline. In order to achieve this we will keep the units of observation (i.e. trials) and apply nonparametric permutation approach to quantify the spatial activation pattern after stimulus presentation.

It is recommended to make yourself familiar with the permutation framework before you continue. This is explained in detail in the statics tutorial. You might also consult this on-line lecture.

First we keep single trial information and perform source analysis once again. It is important to estimate the spatial filter on the basis of all data and not the single trials. The latter is typically noisy and results in not very robust estimates.

cfg = [];
cfg.covariance='yes';
cfg.keeptrials = 'yes';
avgpre = ft_timelockanalysis(cfg,datapre);
avgpst = ft_timelockanalysis(cfg,datapost);
%%
cfg=[];
cfg.method='lcmv';
cfg.grid=grid;
cfg.headmodel=hdm;
cfg.lcmv.keepfilter='yes';
cfg.channel = dataica.label;
sourceavg=ft_sourceanalysis(cfg, avg);
cfg=[];
cfg.method='lcmv';
cfg.grid=grid;
cfg.sourcemodel.filter=sourceavg.avg.filter;
cfg.rawtrial = 'yes';
cfg.headmodel=hdm;
sourcepreS1=ft_sourceanalysis(cfg, avgpre);
sourcepstS1=ft_sourceanalysis(cfg, avgpst);

Now statistical analysis can be performed.

cfg = [];
cfg.parameter    = 'pow';
cfg.dim          = grid.dim;
cfg.method           = 'montecarlo';
cfg.statistic        = 'ft_statfun_depsamplesT';
cfg.correctm         = 'cluster';
cfg.clusteralpha     = 0.05;
cfg.clusterstatistic = 'maxsum';
cfg.tail             = 0;
cfg.clustertail      = 0;
cfg.alpha            = 0.025;
cfg.numrandomization = 1000;

ntrials = numel(sourcepreS1.trial);
design  = zeros(2,2*ntrials);
design(1,1:ntrials) = 1;
design(1,ntrials+1:2*ntrials) = 2;
design(2,1:ntrials) = [1:ntrials];
design(2,ntrials+1:2*ntrials) = [1:ntrials];

cfg.design   = design;
cfg.ivar     = 1;
cfg.uvar     = 2;
stat = ft_sourcestatistics(cfg,sourcepstS1,sourcepreS1);
stat.pos=template_grid.pos; % keep positions for plotting later

Subsequently we interpolate the result and the binary mask containing information of significant deferences per voxel.

stat.inside=template_grid.inside;
cfg              = [];
cfg.voxelcoord   = 'no';
cfg.parameter    = 'stat';
cfg.interpmethod = 'nearest';
statint  = ft_sourceinterpolate(cfg, stat, template_mri);
cfg.parameter    = 'mask';
maskint  = ft_sourceinterpolate(cfg, stat, template_mri);
statint.mask = maskint.mask;

And plot the result masked for significant activations where the functional data is now expressed in t-values.

statint.coordsys = 'mni';
cfg               = [];
cfg.method        = 'ortho';
cfg.funparameter  = 'stat';
cfg.maskparameter = 'mask';
cfg.atlas         = atlas;
cfg.location = 'max';
cfg.funcolorlim   = [-5 5];
cfg.funcolormap = 'jet';
ft_sourceplot(cfg,statint);

We repeat the steps from above and plot the result in parceled brain space.

cfg=[];
parcel = ft_sourceparcellate(cfg, statint, atlas);
parcelmask = ft_sourceparcellate(cfg, maskint, atlas);
%% create dummy struct
dummy=atlas;
dummymask = atlas;
for i=1:length(parcel.stat)
      dummy.tissue(find(dummy.tissue==i))=parcel.stat(i);
      dummymask.tissue(find(dummymask.tissue==i))=parcelmask.mask(i);
end
%% plot the result
statint.parcel=dummy.tissue;
statint.coordsys = 'mni';
statint.mask  = dummymask.tissue;
cfg=[];
cfg.method = 'slice';
cfg.funparameter = 'parcel';
cfg.funcolormap    = 'jet';
cfg.maskparameter = 'mask';
cfg.renderer = 'zbuffer';
cfg.funcolorlim   = [-5 5];
cfg.atlas = atlas;
ft_sourceplot(cfg,statint);

The two different thresholds (80% of maximum vs. permutation statistics) seem to convey slightly different results. While a predominant activation in the left heschl gyrus was observed as a maximal difference between pre and post stimulus interval, the statistical evaluation suggest right temporal activation together with distributed activity in prefrontal areas. At first this appears somewhat puzzling yet evaluating the spatial extend of the activity in the left heschl gyrus suggest a very focal circumscribed source likely involving very few voxels. On the other hand during the call to **reference: ft_sourcestatistics we used a particular configuration for the clusterstatistics- ‘maxsum’. Using this option only voxel clusters with largest summed activity are considered during the sampling of the distribution. The right temporal area is characterized by rather broad spatial homogeneity that leads to greater statistical sensitivity. Instead of ‘maxsum’ it is also possible to use ‘max’ values during the montercarlo sampling of the distribution. When we do so it becomes apparent that on the basis of the activity in the left heschl gyrus we can reject H0 too.

Connectivity analysis

Often the research question is concerned with description of interactions between relevant nodes in a given network. For example, it is hypothesized that conditions such as tinnitus are not driven by malfunction in primary auditory cortices alone. Instead, it is assumed that aberrant interaction between primary and higher order regions may mediate the manifestation of the commonly described symptoms.

So far we have identified three potential “nodes” involved in the processing of a simple auditory stimulus. However, source analysis is more than mere enumeration of brain locations. Each of these nodes is associated with a time course, which shall be evaluated in the following section.

Reconstruct the time course of activity at a particular brain location

Based on visual inspection of the data provided by the interactive navigation after the call to ft_sourceplot we can determine the coordinates of the locations subject to further examination.

Alternative approach is enabled due to the utilized parcellation strategy. We can derive the coordinates of all locations corresponding to a particular parcel, e.g., left heschl gyrus. In the following we will reduce the data to three locations: left and right heschl gyri and left Cingulum_Mid in the frontal cortex.

First, we interpolate the statistical result and the atlas.

cfg = [];
cfg.interpmethod = 'nearest';
cfg.parameter = 'tissue';
stat_atlas = ft_sourceinterpolate(cfg, atlas, stat);

Determine the index of the label of interest,

x = find(ismember(atlas.tissuelabel,'Heschl_L'));

and determine the index points of locations within the desired parcel.

indxHGL = find(stat_atlas.tissue==x);

These steps can be repeated for all desired parcels. In the present case the ramining tw

x=find(ismember(atlas.tissuelabel,'Heschl_R'));
indxHGR = find(stat_atlas.tissue==x);

x=find(ismember(atlas.tissuelabel,'Cingulum_Mid_L'));
indxCML = find(stat_atlas.tissue==x);

Next, we normalise the individual MRI to derive parameters allowing to convert the mni- coordinates of the desired parcels into individual coordinates. For this we use ft_warp_apply.

template_grid=ft_convert_units(template_grid,'mm'); % ensure no unit mismatch
norm=ft_volumenormalise([],mri);

posCML=template_grid.pos(indxCML,:); % xyz positions in mni coordinates
posHGL=template_grid.pos(indxHGL,:); % xyz positions in mni coordinates
posHGR=template_grid.pos(indxHGR,:); % xyz positions in mni coordinates

posback=ft_warp_apply(norm.params,posCML,'sn2individual');
btiposCML= ft_warp_apply(pinv(norm.initial),posback); % xyz positions in individual coordinates

posback=ft_warp_apply(norm.params,posHGL,'sn2individual');
btiposHGL= ft_warp_apply(pinv(norm.initial),posback); % xyz positions in individual coordinates

posback=ft_warp_apply(norm.params,posHGR,'sn2individual');
btiposHGR= ft_warp_apply(pinv(norm.initial),posback); % xyz positions in individual coordinates

Now we create a source model for these particular locations only.

cfg=[];
cfg.headmodel=hdm;
cfg.channel=dataica.label;
cfg.sourcemodel.pos=[btiposCML;btiposHGL;btiposHGR]./1000; % units of m
cfg.grad=dataica.grad;
sourcemodel_virt=ft_prepare_leadfield(cfg);

And repeat the source analysis steps for above but now for 3 parcels represented in a total of 21 locations.

%% keep covariance in the output
cfg = [];
cfg.channel=dataica.label;
cfg.covariance='yes';
cfg.covariancewindow=[0 1];
avg = ft_timelockanalysis(cfg,dataica);

%% perform source analysis
cfg=[];
cfg.method='lcmv';
cfg.grid = sourcemodel_virt;
cfg.headmodel=hdm;
cfg.lcmv.keepfilter='yes';
cfg.lcmv.fixedori='yes';
cfg.lcmv.lamda='5%';
source=ft_sourceanalysis(cfg, avg);

On the basis of the computed filters, kept in the output, it is now possible to multiply them with the data. This operation will yield time series commonly known as virtual sensors.

spatialfilter=cat(1,source.avg.filter{:});
virtsens=[];
for i=1:length(dataica.trial)
    virtsens.trial{i}=spatialfilter*dataica.trial{i};

end
virtsens.time=dataica.time;
virtsens.fsample=dataica.fsample;
indx=[indxFML;indxHGL;indxHGR];
for i=1:length(virtsens.trial{1}(:,1))
    virtsens.label{i}=[num2str(i)];
end

Since our main interest is the time courses common to a given parcel we can average over within parcel locations.

cfg = [];
cfg.channel = virtsens.label(1:16); % cingulum is prepresented by 16 locations
cfg.avgoverchan = 'yes';
virtsensCML = ft_selectdata(cfg,virtsens);
virtsensCML.label = {'CML'};

cfg.channel = virtsens.label(17:19); % left heschl by 3
virtsensHGL = ft_selectdata(cfg,virtsens);
virtsensHGL.label = {'HGL'};

cfg.channel = virtsens.label(20:21); % right heschl by 2
virtsensHGR = ft_selectdata(cfg,virtsens);
virtsensHGR.label = {'HGR'};

%% append the data
virtsensparcel=ft_appenddata([],virtsensCML,virtsensHGL,virtsensHGR);

Now we compute the source wave forms, plot and evaluate the result.

cfg=[];
tlkvc=ft_timelockanalysis(cfg, virtsensparcel);
figure;
for i=1:length(tlkvc.label)
    cfg=[];
    cfg.channel = tlkvc.label{i};
    cfg.parameter = 'avg';
    cfg.xlim    = [-.1 1];

    subplot(2,2,i);ft_singleplotER(cfg,tlkvc);
end

Compute cortico-cortical coherence

One of various and equally valid methods of assessing connectivity is the concept of coherence. By using this metric we want to evaluate the presence of a temporal relationship between the nodes as a function of frequency. This can be done for the entire time interval of interest or by applying sliding window approach and represent the result as function of time and frequency. The latter is applied below.

First, we use ft_freqanalysis much in the same way as demonstrated above. The only difference is that the phase information is kept in the output by the configuration option cfg.output = ‘powandcsd’.

cfg         = [];
cfg.method       = 'mtmconvol';
cfg.taper        = 'hanning';
cfg.output  = 'powandcsd';
cfg.foi          = 2:2:40;
cfg.t_ftimwin    = ones(length(cfg.foi),1).*0.5;
cfg.toi          = -2:0.05:1;
tfr = ft_freqanalysis(cfg, virtsensparcel);

Now we can plot and evaluate the result of the power estimates essentially confirming the pattern we already observed.

figure;
for i=1:length(tfr.label)
    cfg=[];
    cfg.channel = tfr.label{i};
    cfg.baselinetype    = 'db';
    cfg.baseline        = [-inf 0];
    cfg.zlim    = [-2 2];
    cfg.xlim    = [-.5 1.6];
    cfg.ylim    = [0 20];
    subplot(2,2,i);ft_singleplotTFR(cfg,tfr);
end

The slow frequency increases in energy are likely related to the evoked components in the data. In addition an increase in amplitude around 10-14Hz is also observed. In the next step we would like to evaluate to what extend this patterns represent a temporal relationship between the nodes. First we compute coherence using ft_connectivityanalysis.

cfg = [];
cfg.method = 'coh';
coherence = ft_connectivityanalysis(cfg, tfr);

and restructure the output such that it can be plotted with an appropriate plotting function.

coh=tfr;
coh.powspctrm = coherence.cohspctrm;
coh.label = {'CML-HGR','HGL-HGR','HGL-CML'};

%% and plot the result
figure;
for i=1:length(coh.label)
    cfg=[];
    cfg.channel = coh.label{i};
    cfg.xlim    = [-.1 1];
    cfg.ylim    = [0 20];
    subplot(2,2,i);ft_singleplotTFR(cfg,coh);
end

The color scale in this figure now represents the strength of coherence, which varies always between 0 and 1. Descriptively we can conclude that cingulum and right auditory cortex comunicate strongly ~7Hz in the first 300 ms after stimulus presentation. Both auditory corticies are strongly linked at ~11Hz for some 200 ms starting after 300 ms post stimulus. Finally, cingulum and left auditory cortex seem to be linked at rather faster frequency ~ 14Hz.

However this descriptive description of the obtained result could be entirely wrong. This is because an additional confound commonly known as volume conduction is also present in the data. The consequence of such a confound is that a single source could emerge at multiple nodes. Accordingly these nodes would appear connected but in reality they are not.

A property of volume conduction is that it is instantaneously. As a consequence a given pattern of activity is visible at two independent sites with no time delay. This is typically described as a zero phase lag relationship. Mathematically, a cosine function has a phase angle of zero degree. Now, consider a complex plain with real (abscissa) and imaginary (ordinate) components. According to the definition, volume conduction, i.e. zero phase lag relationship, is entirely represented along the real axis. This suggest that in order to disregard the contribution of volume conduction one could take into account only signals that have non zero values on the imaginary axis. This strategy is also known as the imaginary part of coherency. The following section demonstrates how to assess this quantity.

cfg = [];
cfg.method = 'coh';
cfg.complex = 'imag'; % ensure only imaginary parts kept in the output
coherence = ft_connectivityanalysis(cfg, tfr);

%% reorganize the data and take the absolute value
coh=tfr;
coh.powspctrm = abs(coherence.cohspctrm);
coh.label = {'CML-HGR','HGL-HGR','HGL-CML'};

%% and plot the result
figure;
for i=1:length(coh.label)
    cfg=[];
    cfg.channel = coh.label{i};
    cfg.xlim    = [-.1 1];
    cfg.ylim    = [0 20];
    subplot(2,2,i);ft_singleplotTFR(cfg,coh);
end

Exercise: coherence vs. imaginary part of coherency

Compute non-parametric granger causality

In addition to describing a correlation between time series at two or more locations often the research question is concerned with the directionality of this correlation. The former is typically termed functional connectivity and the latter effective connectivity. That is, whether or not a time course of activity at location A not only relates to B but also effects its time course.

One way of assessing effective connectivity is by using the concept of Granger causality. This technique essentially estimates how much of the future variability of the time course in B is predicted by the knowledge about past time course behavior in A. A key parameter in this technique is the decision with respect to how far in the past of A one have to look in order to reliably estimate the future in B without fully explaining the data, i.e. over fitting. This parameter is very often difficult to estimate.

An alternative is a non parametric estimation where the essential ingredients for GC to work are estimated on the basis of spectral matrix factorization. These concepts and the basic analysis steps a covered in the connectivity tutorial. Here we will show how to apply non-parametric Granger analysis to address the research question to what extend there are “pre established” routes between frontal and auditory areas preceding stimulus onset.

The presence of transient activity such as evoked responses is a major violation of the assumptions in Granger analysis. Therefore we will focus on time intervals before stimulus presentation that is not contaminated by evoked responses. Moreover, for simplicity and illustrative purposes we will reduce the data set to two nodes- cingulum mid left and left heschl gyrus.

cfg = [];
cfg.channel = {'HGL','CML'};
cfg.latency = [-2 0];
prestimdata=ft_selectdata(cfg,virtsensparcel);

A requirement of the method is that frequency analysis is performed for 0Hz(DC) up to the Nyquist frequency. Moreover, a padding of the data with zeros is applied in order to minimized the effects of sharp changes in the estimated granger spectrum due for example to line noise.

cfg            = [];
cfg.output     = 'fourier';
cfg.method     = 'mtmfft';
cfg.taper      = 'dpss';
cfg.tapsmofrq  = 2;
cfg.keeptrials = 'yes';
cfg.pad = 2;
cfg.padtype = 'zero';
freq    = ft_freqanalysis(cfg, prestimdata);

cfg           = [];
cfg.method    = 'granger';
cfg.granger.sfmethod = 'bivariate';
granger      = ft_connectivityanalysis(cfg, freq);

and plot the result…

cfg = [];
cfg.parameter = 'grangerspctrm';
cfg.xlim      = [0 40];
figure; ft_connectivityplot(cfg,granger);

Again, we can now descriptively evaluate the output. Left auditory cortex appears to regulate activity in frontal areas at around 20 Hz. In turn, frontal areas exert a 10Hz drive over the left primary auditory cortex.

Although such a conclusion might appear in line with some theories on cortical computations and fit with the notion of prefrontal controllers etc. this conclusion is not the only interpretation of the present finding.

Consider a case where an unknown third source party biases activity in the locations of examinations in such a way that its power is projected strongly to a given location A as compared to B. Consider also constant noise level present in the data. In such a scenario due to different levels of SNR in location A and B, past knowledge of A will always help to “predict” future state of B than B alone. In other words, the output of the granger analysis will confirm effective connectivity between the nodes of examination despite the fact that there is none. The down side of scenarios like this is that they represent a rule rather than an exception. However, the motivation behind these types of analysis is not to prove the presence of effective connection between the nodes but to guide our uncertainty in the decision and interpretation of the data.

Accordingly we seek for an alternative evaluation that will aid and support such decisions. One possibility is to flip the time axis of the data, that is future becomes past and past future. This manipulation will not affect the SNR issue described above such that a similar granger spectrum in the original and in the flipped version will add confidence in our decision that the effective connectivity we are after is actually not present in the data. However, in the case of discrepancy this also does not mean that there IS effective connectivity not biased by scenarios and source constellations different from the example above. It will merely reduce our uncertainty in the data interpretation in turn of a great value in generating testable predictions for future examinations.

In the following we flip the time axis.

tmpdata=prestimdata;
for jj=1:length(tmpdata.trial)
tmpdata.trial{jj}=fliplr(tmpdata.trial{jj});
end

And compute granger analysis on these flipped data.

cfg            = [];
cfg.output     = 'fourier';
cfg.method     = 'mtmfft';
cfg.taper      = 'dpss';
cfg.tapsmofrq  = 2;
cfg.keeptrials = 'yes';
cfg.pad = 2;
cfg.padtype = 'zero';
freq    = ft_freqanalysis(cfg, tmpdata);

cfg           = [];
cfg.method    = 'granger';
cfg.granger.sfmethod = 'bivariate';
grangerflip     = ft_connectivityanalysis(cfg, freq);

Now we plot the results of the original and the flipped version of the same data.

cfg = [];
cfg.parameter = 'grangerspctrm';
cfg.xlim      = [0 40];
figure; ft_connectivityplot(cfg,granger,grangerflip);

Summary and conclusion